Price gaps — what they are and how to interpret them on the Polish market

What is a price gap?

A price gap is a break in the price chart where no trading occurred. It appears when the opening price of a given day differs significantly from the closing price of the previous day.

• Gap up — opening higher than previous day's close (positive signal)
• Gap down — opening lower than previous day's close (negative signal)

Why do price gaps occur?

Gaps most often appear due to:

1. Financial results — company publishes results after session, market reacts at opening
2. Macroeconomic news — NBP decision on interest rates, inflation data
3. Geopolitical events — conflicts, elections, crises
4. Analyst recommendations — upgrade/downgrade of company

Types of price gaps

Common gap

Small gap appearing in normal trading. Usually closes quickly (price returns to pre-gap level). Little analytical significance.

Breakaway gap

Appears when breaking out of price formation (e.g., consolidation). Signals the beginning of a new trend. Usually doesn't close quickly.

Runaway gap

Occurs during a strong trend — confirms its strength. Appears in the middle of price movement.

Exhaustion gap

Appears at the end of a trend. Last surge before reversal. Often closes within a few sessions.

Do gaps always close?

A popular stock market saying states that "gaps always close". In practice most gaps close sooner or later, but:

• Breakaway gaps can remain open for months or years
• "Gap closing" has no set timeframe — it can take a day or a decade

Significance for long-term investors

If you invest in ETFs and hold long-term (buy & hold), price gaps should not influence your decisions. It's a technical analysis tool, mainly useful for short-term traders.

How Freenance can help

Freenance focuses on long-term wealth building, not trading. But tracking portfolio value over time helps understand how market events (including gaps) affect your finances.

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